The After Math Of A Raised Hand . What Is The Harm Of A

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The benefits of corporal punishment in the short-run are outweighed by the negative effects the punishment produces evident by the Social learning theory, anti-social behavior results, and development beyond the†¦show more content†¦The conditions to model this violent behavior includes â€Å"attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation† which can be interpreted as the attention to the fact that violence is an adult’s resp onse causes a child to model the behavior of the adults around them resulting in more violence (Bandura). Subconsciously most adults tend to believe that the easiest way to deal with a disobedient child or person is to physically harm. This answer of violence more times than not stems from the anger a student caused in doing wrong. Justification for corporal punishment originates from the past and is often the defense of pro-corporal punishment advocates. 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Delegation Can Be A Slippery Slope For Any Manager

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Economics Assessment - 5807 Words

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Justice, Masculinity, And Race And Crime Essay - 1370 Words

Punished Victor Rios is not only an author of a book called Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, but he is also an ex-felon. Rios holds a PH.D. in sociology and is now an assistant professor at the University of Santa Barbara. Victor Rios has published on juvenile justice, masculinity, and race and crime in scholarly in journals such as the Critical Criminology. He has not only lived the life he preaches about, he has shown to be extremely knowledgable in this life he has once lived and is also considered an expert in his field of sociology among his peers . Rios grew up in the streets of Oakland, California and found himself in the midst of trouble when he joined a gang at the age of 13. Victor Rios lived the life of the typical stereotypical hispanic young male, living in high crime poverty neighborhoods. As a young boy, he began dealing drugs, participating in the killings of people, and violence. 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Twentieth Century British Author Free Essays

E. M. Forster (1879-1790) was the author of many well-known novels, and also several volumes of short-stories, essays and criticism. We will write a custom essay sample on Twentieth Century British Author or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is best-known for his 1924 novel A Passage to India, which has enjoyed a world-wide audience ever since its publication. Today he is considered as one of the prominent figures of British literature of the first half of the twentieth century. Forster once wrote, â€Å"Life is easy to chronicle, but bewildering to practice. † Edward Morgan Forster himself began his ‘bewildering practice’ on 1 January 1879, in London. When he was eight-years old, he inherited an amount ? 8000 from his great-aunt, Marianne Thornton, of whom he would later write a biography. This inheritance was sufficient to let Forster pursue his education and literary career in relative freedom from financial constraints and worries. Upon his graduation from Tonbridge School, Forster secured admission into King’s College, Cambridge where he studied classics and history, and was partly under the tutelage of Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, of whom he would later write a biography. At Cambridge, he was exposed to the values of liberal humanism and cultivated a respect for the freedom of individuality of human beings. Under the influence of the philosopher G. E. Moore, Forster developed an aesthetic belief that contemplating beauty of art constituted a nobler purpose in life. He also became a strong believer in the value of friendships, and struck lasting friendships which meant a great deal to him throughout his life. He would later travel to India with a group of university friends. â€Å"If I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country,† he would later say. During these years of higher education, Forster was a member of an intellectual clique at Cambridge called the ‘Apostles’, and through them came into contact with the members of the Bloomsbury Group, with which he would associate more closely in the subsequent years (Childs 2002). Completing his education at Cambridge, he left England on a long trip to Italy and Austria, which would last for one year. Forster would spend a significant period of his life traveling. It was around this time, in 1901, that he began exercising his writing skills. He then started working at Working Men’s College and subsequently taught at the extra-mural department of the Cambridge Local Lectures Board. Forster’s literary career began in 1903, when he began writing for The Independent Review, a liberal publication that he co-founded with Lowes Dickinson and used as a platform for advocating anti-imperialism. Soon, Forster became a published author with the appearance of his first novel Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905). Forster used his knowledge of Italy to create a story that juxtaposed and contrasted the passionate world of Italy with the constricting values of suburban England. The result is a social comedy, which rather interestingly ends up as a tragedy dealing with rather unsavory aspects of death and frustrated love. It is the story of a young English widow, Lilia, who falls in love with an Italian, but the members of her family cannot accept this and try to wrest her back. This work was not well received by the public. By 1910, Forster would have written three more novels. The Longest Journey (1907) and A Room with a View (1908) exhibit a growing maturity in literary skills and artistic scope, and Howards End (1910) saw his rise to fame. Forster wrote most of his short stories and four novels before 1910. In the sixty years he lived after that, he would write only two novels, Maurice, in 1914, and A Passage to India, in 1924 (Tambling 1995). After publishing his first novel, Forster left for Germany and worked for several months as tutor to the Countess von Arnim, in a place called Nassenheide. This experience would serve him in the characterization of Schlegel sisters in Howards End. Back in England, in 1907, he took on the role of a private tutor for an Indian Muslim, with whom he developed a close relationship that could be seen as homosexual love. Forster’s famous work A Passage to India would be dedicated to this person. Forster was a covert homosexual all through his life. The posthumous publishing of his homosexual novel Maurice (1971) offers strong testimony to his sexual orientation, although it is difficult to ascertain how far his homosexual orientation may have influenced his work in general. However, he certainly felt frustrated for not being able to write about homosexual themes openly and it is possible that he stopped writing novels half-way through his life out of such frustration. In 1907, Forster wrote and published a novel about his Cambridge days, The Longest Journey. It tells the story of an undergraduate and a struggling writer, Rickie Elliot, who abandons friendship for the sake marriage, but is enlightened by his pagan half-brother. The Longest Journey was also Forster’s favorite novel, despite the poor response it got from the critics and the public. Around this time, Forster was closely associated with the Bloomsbury Group, and was interacting with people such as Lytton Strachey and Rogery Fry. In his third novel, A Room with a View, which is also his second Anglo-Italian novel partly set in Florence and partly in English suburbia, Forster displays his contempt for English snobbery. It is a light and optimistic tale, a story of misunderstandings which however ends on a happy note as Lucy Honeychurch, the protagonist, acknowledges her love for the impulsive George Emerson over her feelings for the intellectual Cecil Vyse. Forster’s novels have already begun to display a common theme of sensitive characters struggling with the inflexibility of social codes that they are encumbered with as well the relative insensitivity of those around them. It can be conjectured that Forster’s frustration at the opposition of the conservative values of his time to his homosexuality may have taken a general form portraying the oppression of social rigidness in his novels. In 1910 came Howards End which is a social novel about sections of the middle classes, focusing on the question of who will inherit â€Å"Howards End,† which is Forster’s metonym for England. The story centers on the relationship between the intellectual German Schelgel sisters and the practical, male-dominated, business-oriented Wilcox family. In the novel, Forster attempted to find a way for Wilcox money to become the support for Schlegel culture, and also for the future of rural England to be taken away from the influence of urban, commercial interests and placed once more in the hands of the farmers. The novel presents an ambitious social message, though not wholly practical or convincing. Howards End finally secured Forster’s reputation and established him as a novelist. However, he would only publish one novel in the rest of his long life, besides sporadic publication of short stories, essays and so on. In 1911, Forster brought out a collection of short stories entitled The Celestial Omnibus. In 1912-13 he made his first visit to India, with R. C. Trevelyan, Dickinson and G. H. Luce. Here, he had the chance to observe the British colonial administration first-hand. After this trip, he wrote most of the first section of A Passage to India, but it was not until after a second visit, in 1921, when he spent six months as private secretary to a Hindu Maharajah, that he completed it. His masterpiece was published in 1924 and was unanimously praised by literary critics. Around this time he also worked on the homosexual novel Maurice: A Romance. Though it would not be published until after his death, it was circulated privately at the time, and is a story of cross-class homosexual love the kind of which Forster himself yearned for. During World War I, he worked with the International Red Cross and was stationed in Alexandria, Egypt. He also became a strong supporter of the Alexandrian poet C. P. Cavfy. During his stay in Alexandria, he struck an acquaintance with a teenaged tram conductor, Mohammed el-Adl, with whom he fell in deep love. Mohammed would die of tuberculosis in Alexandria in spring of 1922, and this loss weighed heavily on Forster for the rest of his life. Forster returned to England in 1919, after the war, but set off traveling again in 1921. On this trip to India he worked as the private secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas Senior, and his letters home from the two Indian trips were later published as The Hill of Devi (1953). In 1922 he published Alexandria: A History and a Guide, but could get it into circulation only in 1938. Pharos and Pharillon, which is a collection of Forster’s essays on Alexandria together with some translations of Cavafy’s poems, was published in 1923. All through this time, Forster had been reworking on A Passage to India, which was published in 1924, almost a decade and a half after his previous novel Howard’s End. It is a novel about the clash between Eastern and Western cultures during British rule in India, and is generally considered among major literary works of the twentieth century. It is the story of Adela Quested and Mrs. Moore’s journey to India to visit Adela’s fiance, and Mrs Moore’s son, Ronny Heaslop. There they meet a college teacher, Cyril Fielding, who is an avatar of Forster himself, the Hindu Brahmin Dr Godbole and the Muslim Dr Aziz. The novel revolves around Dr Aziz’s alleged assault Adela. Ms. Quested reports of an attempted assault by the Dr. Aziz and subsequently retracts her complaint. Once again, misunderstanding features prominently in Forster’s narrative. A Passage to India was widely acclaimed. For example, a critic at New York Times wrote: â€Å"The crystal-clear portraiture, the delicate conveying of nuances of thought and life, and the astonishing command of his medium show Mr. Forster at the height of his powers† (Forster, 1989 : front flap). But mysteriously, at the height of his powers, Forster would choose to renounce novel writing. Some have speculated this could be because he felt he could not write openly and honestly about homosexual relations which he longed to write about. In 1927 he gave the Clark lectures at Cambridge University, which were published as Aspects of the Novel the same year. He was also offered a fellowship at King’s College, Cambridge. In 1928, his second collection of short stories, The Eternal Moment, was published. It is a collection of six stories predominated by fantasy and romance. In the immediately following years there was the publication of The Hill of Devi and two short-story volumes, under the generic name Collected Short Stories. The last published work of his life was Marianne Thornton, the biography of his great-aunt whose gift allowed him to go to Cambridge. In 1969 Forster was awarded the Order of Merit. He died shortly thereafter. â€Å"E. M. Forster has never lacked for readers, is widely studied, has had his novels turned into highly marketable films, and has encouraged criticism usually of a strongly liberal-humanist kind,† notes Tambling (1995) in his introduction to a book of critical essays on E. M. Forster. Forster explored the shortcomings of the English middle class and their emotional deficiencies, employing irony and wit. Today he is remembered for the impeccable style of writing that is evident in all of his novels and short stories. References: Childs, P. (2002). A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India† (Routledge Literary Sourcebooks). London : Routledge. Forster, E. M. (1989). â€Å"A Passage to India. † Orlando, FL : Harcourt Brace Tambling, J. (1995). â€Å"E. M. Forster: Contemporary Critical Essays† (New Casebooks). . New York : St. Martin’s Press. How to cite Twentieth Century British Author, Papers

Research Design Beyond Nature Writing

Question: Discuss about the Research Design for Beyond Nature Writing. Answer: Introduction The landing of an alien object about 12 months ago on earth possess a great threat to human population. The objective carried with it a new virus that has wiped out millions of humans according to researchers. Projections are that human population will be wiped out within the next 12 months due to skyrocketed rate of death resulting from new virus. For this reason, Company XYZ has developed a vaccine to counteract the virus. Successful preliminary clinical tests on animals have been undertaken by the Company. Unfortunately lack of adequate time has impeded the testing of this vaccine on humans. Company XYZ remains stranded on what particular population it can test the vaccine within the shortest time possible, and yet cover a large human subjects prior to the distribution of the vaccine to the entire worlds population. It is upon this dilemmatic situation that Company XYZ has called for the proposal bids to help locate the best human population to undertake the test save the looming human extinction. The underlying research question of this study will be What is the best large population that will respond faster to the testing and enable Company XYZ to test the vaccine within the shortest time possible to save the looming human extinction from the wrath of a new virus that resulted from the alien object? Literature Review Testing a vaccine with human population is a critical issue that needs a lot of confidence. Vaccine development and testing follow standard set of steps in many countries. For example in the United States, a researcher would not just wake up one day and decide to test a vaccine on human population without following the laid down procedure. The initial stages are exploratory in nature. The literature show that regulation and oversight heightens as the candidate vaccine makes its way via the process. As revealed in XYZ Company, this exploratory stage has been executed successfully since they have reached a point of undertaking test with the human subjects. This means that Company XYZ has passed both exploratory and pre-clinical stages. The next step in determining the best population will involve IND application. In this case Company XYZ will be required to submit an application for an investigational New Drug (IND) to the Food and Drug Administration. The Company XYZ will have to give a comprehensive description of manufacturing as well as testing processes of the vaccine. It will also present a summary of the laboratory reports alongside a detailed description of proposed study (Creswell 2013). The institutional review board which represents an institution in which the clinical trial will be executed will have to approve the clinical protocol. The FDA will have a maximum of thirty days to give approval of the presented application. Upon the approval of IND, the vaccine testing is subjects to three stages of testing. The clinical studies with human subjects will follow based on phase one (vaccine trial), phase II (vaccine trials) and phase III (vaccine trials). In phase I, involves an assessment of candidate vaccine in human encompass small group of adults normally between 20 and 80 subjects. Phase one testing aims at assessing the safety of the candidate vaccine as well as determining the type of alongside extent of immune response provoked by the vaccine. In phase II, a large cohort of hundred people taking part in phasing testing. In this phase certain individuals can belong to cohorts at risk of acquiring the underlying disease. Phase II trials are randomized as well as controlled and entails placebo. The primary goal of Phase II testing is to study the candidate vaccines immunogenicity and safety. It also help determine the vaccines proposed doses, method of delivery as well as immunization schedule. The last stage of vaccine testing is phase II vaccine trials which succeeds successful phase II. In this phase, candidates shift to larger trials. It involves thousands to tens of thousands of individuals of people. The test are randomized as well as double blind. It is at this phase where vaccine testing becomes experimental against a placebo which can either be a saline solution or vaccine for another disease. Phase III aims at assessing vaccine safety in a large population of people. This is because particular rare side effect my fail to manifest in small cohorts tested in stage one and two. It involves both treated and control group and test the efficacy of vaccine as well. It determines whether the candidate vaccine prevents disease and whether it prevents infection with the pathogen. Phase III also determines whether the candidate vaccine leads to production of antibodies alongside additional types of immune responses linked to pathogen. Research question What is the best large population that will respond faster to the testing and enable Company XYZ to test the vaccine within the shortest time possible to save the looming human extinction from the wrath of a new virus that resulted from the alien object? Research objectives To determine the best large population that will respond quickly to vaccine testing to allow Company XYZ to test the candidate vaccine within the shortest time possible to save the impending human extinction from the new virus that accompanied the alien object. Research program It will be a quantitative, comparative, controlled experiments where the investigator will study two intervention services of subjects who receive them in random manner. The RCT is chosen for this study since it is one of the simplest as well as most powerful technique in clinical research. It will also use a placebo and double blind method to ensure that neither the participant nor the investor know those in the test or control group for easily comparison of the efficacy of the vaccine. Research design and methodology The determination of the most appropriate research design is a critical issue that has to consider effectively many factors linked to a particular study. The investigator has to take into account the research hypothesis, questions as well as whether the variables will be utilized. Most importantly, the difficulty of choosing the particular design is surpassed by the study characteristics. In this research, it is appropriate for Company XYZ to use exploratory quantitative research to determine the best population that will help test this vaccine faster. This is effective and in line with the research program which uses a randomized control trials which produce outcomes which are measured. The study will use a randomized trial to recruit the subjects for undertaking this text. An experimental research design will be used to undertake the testing whereby there will both control and treated group who will receive the intervention. The experiment will involve the use of randomized trial and double blind where the testing of the candidate vaccine will be tested against a placebo which will be either a vaccine for another disease or a saline solution. The experimental design will help test the efficacy of the candidate vaccine. Particularly, the testing will stress whether the candidate vaccine prevent disease, whether the infection with the pathogen as well as whether the candidate vaccine lead to the production of antibodies alongside other types of immune response connected to the pathogen. The test will also focus on testing the existence of adverse event linked to the candidate vaccine. The detection of the adverse event will be based on assessing the significant difference for a low-frequency event. This will be achieved through having a large population of subjects with half being in the control or no vaccine cohort. The double blind will be effective in this experiment since neither the subjects nor the experimenters know the participants in the test or control groups during the actual experiment course. Experimental design is the most exemplary models of research or original design in this vaccine testing case. The experimental design is effective as it permits the investigator to control both exogenous variables while eliminating the extraneous variables as compared to other research designs. Moreover, this research design allows for the determination of causal relationships as it involves the manipulation of exposure to exogenous variables. Therefore, the researchers are presented with a promising opportunity to observe cause and effect as well as the influence of exogenous variable on the endogenous variable. It is not easy for the experimental design to do away with or control extraneous variables as this becomes increasingly impossible. Sample unit and sampling methodology The sampling methodology or technique for recruiting the subjects will be randomized trial control. The vaccine testing will have both control and test group in equal numbers. The recruitment will be preceded by a consent given by the participants to take part in the study. Subjects allocation will allocated in either control or test group at random once they have given a consent to participate in the vaccine testing. RCT will be recruit subjects who will receive one of several clinical interventions. The control will be a placebo-based to help measure and compare the outcomes after the subjects receive the intervention to determine the efficacy of the candidate vaccine. RCT will be quantitative in nature since these outcomes are measured. The random technique will, therefore, help recruit the best population for testing the candidate vaccine. The participants will be assured of confidentiality of the information and the health records by ensuring that pseudonyms are used. In addition, they will be told about the intended use of the information collected from them as well as how it will be stored. Moreover, the researcher will also ask for permission from the authorities of hospitals from where the subjects will be recruited. In case the information collected would not be used for the intended purpose, consent will be sought out again from the participants. The participants will also be assured that they are free to leave the study at will irrespective of the time or phase of the experiments. Data Collection Data collection will be based on the outcomes of the test or interventions that will be administered to the treated or test group based on the comparison between the control and test group. The questions that will guide the data collection will be: (i) does the vaccine lead to generation of antibodies or other types of immune responses to associated with pathogen (ii) does the vaccine prevent the infection with the pathogen? (iii) Does the candidate vaccine prevent disease? Together, these questions will help collect the data on efficacy of the vaccine. Others questions will include whether the vaccine is safe in a large group of people as well as whether the candidate vaccine will have certain rare side effects. Other questions will relate to the adverse events occurring after the administration of the candidate vaccine to the test group. Other data to be collected will include the immunogenicity, proposed doses, immunization schedule as well as method of delivering the vaccine. Data will also collected on the type and extent of immune responses that the candidate vaccine will provoke. Data Analysis The analysis of data will be thematic in nature to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine in treating the new virus. It will focus on efficacy of the candidate disease particularly its ability to prevent the disease, its ability to prevent the generate antibodies and its ability to prevent the pathogen infection. The immunogenicity and safety of vaccine will also be analyzed to present the effectiveness of the vaccine. Side effects and adverse events will also be analyzed. The thematic analysis will help make a deduction on whether the population chosen was the best one to test the vaccine. Validity and Reliability The researcher will guarantee the trustworthiness via stressing the validity and credibility of the study. For example, I will strictly try to ensure internal validity. It should be noted that ensuring credibility is an essential factor in establishing trustworthiness. I will adopt the research methods well established by using methods that have used successfully used in previous vaccine testing projects. I will also use such criterion as transferability, conformability as well as dependability to ensure trustworthiness that then accounts for evidence of quality. I will ensure a prolonged engagement in the field so as to immerse myself in participants world. This will greatly help me to have effective insight into the context of the research to limit the distortion of the information. I will also allow for member checks to improve the quality of my quantitative study hence increased credibility (Caputo Scanlon 2007). The limitation of this research will be to deal with a large group to undertake effective vaccine testing. Getting this best population will be the most challenging task of this study. Summary Statement The experimental research design will help address the issue of choosing the population to undertake the vaccine test that Company ZYZ in exploring and will provide the answers to their questions. The randomized Control trial, placebo and double blind will ensure effective recruitment of the subjects. Since the randomized control trial is quantitative in nature, it aligns to quantitative methodology chosen for this study to find the best population (Armbruster 2003). By answering all the question mentioned in the data collection method section, a characteristic of the required population will be revealed and this will help locate the best population to undertake the vaccine test. References Armbruster, Karla, 2003. Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism. 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Transversal Rationality and Intercultural Texts: Essays in Phenomenology and Comparative Philosophy. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011. Print. Marques, S., Lima, M. L. (2011). Living in grey areas: Industrial activity and psychological health.Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(4), 314-322. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.12.002. Morton, Timothy. Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2007. Print. Murphy, Patrick D. Transversal Ecocritical Praxis: Theoretical Arguments, Literary Analysis, and Cultural Critique. , 2013. Internet resource. Patton, M.Q. 2002.Qualitative research and evaluation methods. (3rd. ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Peters, Robert H. 2012. A Critique for Ecology. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press, Print. Vakoch, Douglas A. Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2012. Print.